Mariana Trench Facts and Location

The Mariana Trench (also called the Marianas Trench) is the deepest part of the ocean. This trench lies in an area where two of the Earths plates (the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate) come together. The Pacific plate dives under the Philippine plate, which also partially gets pulled along. It is also thought that water can be carried with it, and may contribute to strong earthquakes by hydrating rock and lubricating the plates, which might lead to a sudden slip. There are many trenches in the ocean, but because of the location of this trench, it is the deepest. The Mariana Trench is located in an area of old seafloor that is made up of lava, which is dense and causes the seafloor to settle further. Since the trench is so far away from any rivers, it does not get filled with sediment like many other oceanic trenches. This also contributes to its extreme depth. Where Is the Mariana Trench? The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Philippines and about 120 miles east of the Mariana Islands. In 2009, President Bush declared the area surrounding Mariana Trench as a wildlife refuge, called the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument. It covers approximately 95,216 square miles. Size The trench is 1,554 miles long and 44 miles wide. The trench is more than five times wider than it is deep. The deepest point of the trench is known as the Challenger Deep. It is almost seven miles (over 36,000 feet) deep and it is a bathtub-shaped depression. The trench is so deep that at the bottom, the water pressure is eight tons per square inch. Water Temperature The water temperature in the deepest part of the ocean is a chilly 33-39 degrees Fahrenheit, just above freezing. Life in the Trench The bottom of deep areas like the Mariana Trench is composed of an ooze made up of the shells of plankton. While the trench and areas like it havent been fully explored, we know that there are organisms that can survive at this depth  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  including bacteria, microorganisms, protists, foraminifera, xenophyophores, shrimp-like amphipods, and possibly even some fish. Exploring the Trench The first trip to the Challenger Deep was made by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh in 1960. They didnt spend much time at the bottom and couldnt see much, as their sub kicked up too much sediment, but they did report seeing some flatfish. Voyages to the Mariana Trench have been made since then to map the area and collect samples, but humans had not been to the deepest point in the trench until 2012. In March 2012, James Cameron successfully completed the first solo human mission to the Challenger Deep. Sources Jackson, Nicholas. Racing to the Bottom: Exploring the Deepest Point on Earth. Technology, The Atlantic, July 26, 2011. Lovett, Richard A. How the Mariana Trench Became the Earths Deepest Point. National Geographic News. National Geographic Partners, LLC, April 7, 2012. Mariana Trench. National Wildlife Refuge. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, June 12, 2019.   New View of the Deepest Trench. NASA Earth Observatory. EOS Project Science Office, 2010. Oskin, Becky. Mariana Trench: The Deepest Depths. Planet Earth. LiveScience, Future US, Inc., December 6, 2017, New York, NY.   Understanding Plate Motions.ï » ¿ USGS, U.S. Department of the Interior, September 15, 2014. Washington University in St. Louis. Seismic survey at the Mariana trench will follow water dragged down into the Earths mantle. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, March 22, 2012.

The Impact Of Accounting And Information Technology

IMPACT OF ACCOUNTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Application of basic accounting theory is based on financial accounting practices used in the formation of a series of methods of the theory, mainly the development and implementation of accounting practice norms, is to guide and constrain accounting standards, the basis for evaluation of accounting. The development of accounting and information technology has given an impact to the accounting objectives, accounting assumptions and accounting information technology. Accounting objective refers to certain social conditions, the accounting requirements and standards to be achieved. Accounting objective is to determine the direction of the development of accounting practice factor, is the ultimate, the required accounting purposes. Goal is to specific accounting functions, with the external environment changes, the goal will change the accounting, and the accounting of the specific functions will also be further developed. In the accounting information age, the basic objective of accounting is still improving economic efficiency; the specific objective is to provide decision-useful information users of accounting information. The goal is to provide financial accounting reports to investors, creditors, governments and relevant departments and the general public to provide and the financial position, operating results and cash flows and other relevant accounting information to reflect the fulfillment of fiduciary duties ofShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Information Technology On Accounting Activities1051 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, Accounting has experienced approximately several stages. In theses stages, the development of advance technology for accounting is so important that its influence could not be overlooked. In today highly competitive, dramatically changed global economy, rapidly fluctuated business market, organizations have been forced to consider how to use information technologies to hold a dvanced competitiveness. As introducing of these information technologies into organizations, accounting activitiesRead MoreThe Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession In today’s business society, the accounting technology whether it be software or hardware is a vital part of just about every major business. Many people overlook the importance of the role of accounting technology in business and in the accounting profession. The fact is technology such as accounting information systems can make or break a business. Utilization of Information Technology in the Retail Businesses (Wal-Mart) To succeed in theRead MoreResearch on the Influence of Informatization1698 Words   |  7 PagesInformatization On The Accounting Theories and Practices and Real-time Control in China Yang Lu Fairleigh Dickinson University RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATIZATION 2 Abstract The 21st century is an information age of rapid development and the computer is more and more widely used in every country. As a development country, China is effecting by the increasing improvement of modern science technology in every field. InRead MoreImpact of Ict on Accounting Practice in Nigeria1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe impact of ICT on accounting practice in Nigeria CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background of the study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the recent past centuries, before the inception of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), the accountants of an organization were using a socially acceptable behavioural method of reporting accounting and economic reports, carried out during accounting year ends, the preparation of accounting records, book such as the profit and loss account, the balance sheetRead MoreThe Implementation Of Accounting Information Systems1037 Words   |  5 Pagesimplementation of accounting information systems, accounting and corporate accounting management environment has undergone great changes, internal control mechanisms and instruments manual accounting system was not available for the network environment, the establishment of information systems and accounting internal control system adapted to become enterprises need to solve the problems. In the 1990s, with the development of global economic integration and information technology. Internet, data transmissionRead MoreResearching Topics Of Interest Is A Key Starting Point For The Research Effort1538 Words   |  7 Pagesperforming a complete research effort this will allow me to gain the necessary information to effectively answer the research questions, resolve the research problem, and meet the purpose of the research (Leedy Ormrod, 2013). The following sections include the formulation of potential topic areas of interest for my doctoral level research. Earnings Management: An Examination of Ethical Implications, Fraud, and the Related Impacts to Stakeholder Interests The first topic area involves an observation ofRead MoreData Collection and Analysis1675 Words   |  7 Pagesaims of the School Based Assessment are: 1. To gain an insight into the many laws and precepts that governs the daily operations of Scotia Bank. 2. To unearth the legal, social, ethical and technological issues that affects Scotia Bank and their impact on its operations. 3. To come to a conclusion on the basis of the topic selected and to derive appropriate recommendations. 4. To help the researcher in endorsing investigative proficiencies. 5. To consent to the development of improved attitudeRead MoreThe Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession ACC/340 The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession Advancements in technology have allowed companies, small and large, to keep accurate financial records and eliminate paper entries. Technology has also allowed individuals in the accounting field the ability to interpret the financial information efficiently and effectively. With the introduction of the internet, a company now has the option to expand their business beyond aRead MoreThe Impact of Contingencies on Management Accounting System Development.1725 Words   |  7 PagesManagement Accounting SYSTEM 1 3.0 THE IMPACT OF CONTINGENCIES ON MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 2 ( i ) Environment 2 ( ii ) Strategies and mission 3 ( iii ) Technology 4 ( iv ) Firm interdependence 4 ( v ) Business unit, firm, and industry variables 5 ( vi ) Knowledge and observables factors 5 ( vii ) Culture 6 4.0 Summary and Conclusions 6 5.0 REFERENCE BOOKs 7 1.0 INTRODUCTION The management of a company needs to develop cost and management accounting systemsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Federal Law1073 Words   |  5 PagesInformation technology industry is developing very fast today. Being self-accelerated, information Technology develops ever more rapidly than the millions of users require. Moreover, the technology is important not only for general users but also for business operations. That is because it provides both tangible and intangible benefits that help to increase profit and ensure the effectiveness of customer service. These factors basically make information technology organizations extremely profitable

Accounting 2101 Final - 1340 Words

1.) A company is considering the following alternatives: Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Revenues $120,000 $120,000 Variable Costs $60,000 $60,000 Fixed Costs $35,000 $35,000 Which of the following are relevant in choosing between the alternatives? 2.) Adler Company manufactures a product with the following costs: Unit Variable Cost $50 Unit Fixed Cost $24 Total Cost Per unit $74 The company normally sells 10,000 units at a price of $88 each. Adler has a one-time opportunity to sell an additional 3,000 units at $70 each in a foreign market, which would not affect its present sales. If the company has sufficient capacity to produce the additional units, acceptance of the special order would affect net income as follows:†¦show more content†¦exclusive projects which have the following financial characteristics: Project A Project B Net present value $50,000 $75,000 Initial investment $200,000 $400,000 Project life 4 years 4 years Which project will be accepted? 18.) Hingis Hardware is evaluating a new retail location and its accountants have prepared some information for your review. Their analysis has established that the new location will costs $1,500,000 and generate net present value of $100,000 using a discount rate of 10%. What is the profitability index for this project? 19.) Ruano, Inc. is analyzing the acquisition of new equipment, which will cost $50,000. Accountants have determined that this equipment will have a five-year useful life, and in each year generate net income of $12,800 and operating cash flow of $14,200. The company requires a 10% return on invested capital. What is the approximate IRR of this equipment acquisition? 20.) In most cases, prices are set by the 21.) Which of the following is not considered a limitation of cost-plus pricing? 22.) Downing company produces a high-resolution computer monitor. The following information is available for this product: Fixed cost per unit $50 Variable cost per unit $150 Total cost per unit $200 Downing expects to sell 10,000 units per year. The company has decided to price its monitors to earn a 14% return on its investment ofShow MoreRelatedInternal Revenue Code 1939278050 Words   |  1113 Pages Sec. Sec. Sec. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. IV— ACCOUNTING PERIODS AND METHODS General rule. Period in which items of gross income included. Period for which deductions and credits taken. Installment basis. Allocation of income and deductions. Change of accounting period. Returns for a period of less than twelve months. Definitions. OF ACCOUNTING PART V— RETURNS AND PAYMENT OF TAX Individual returns. Corporation returns. Time and place for filingRead MoreIssues and Trends in the Automotive Industry: Implications for Eastern Ontario14151 Words   |  57 Pagesrequirements for customs clearance Eliminating the need for importers to transmit data for each transaction Dedicating lanes for FAST clearances Reducing the rate of border examinations Verifying trade compliance away from the border Streamlining accounting and payment processes for all goods imported by approved importers (Canada only) FAST is currently available at the following 5 Ontario/US border crossings: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Lansdowne, Ontario / Alexandria Bay, New York Queenston, Ontario / LewistonRead MoreFundamentals of Corporate Finance 9e82683 Words   |  331 Pageshttp://helpyoustudy.info Chapter 02 - Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flow Chapter 02 Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flow Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following is the financial statement that shows the accounting value of a firm s equity as of a particular date? A. income statement B. creditor s statement C. balance sheet D. statement of cash flows E. dividend statement Refer to section 2.1 AACSB: N/A Bloom s: Knowledge Difficulty: Basic Learning Objective:Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesTeams Reliability 171 Validity 171 Content Validity 171 Construct Validity 172 Criterion-Related Validity 172 Recruiting: A Global Perspective 146 DID YOU KNOW?: Posting Online Rà ©sumà ©s 147 Your Own Job Search 147 Preparing Your Rà ©sumà © 148 Some Final Remarks 149 Summary 149 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 150 Key Terms 150 151 HRM Workshop 170 Key Elements for Successful Predictors 170 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 151 Developing Diagnostic and AnalyticalRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages 20 ‘‘(3) TIME FOR ADOPTION.—Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this section, 22 the Secretary shall adopt standards under this sec- 23 rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 21 tion by interim, final rule. †¢HR 3962 IH VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00078 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 79 1 ‘‘(4) REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC 2 ARDS.—The 3 STAND- developed

Need of Budget and Process Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Need of Budget and Process. Answer: A budget is a statement containing the estimated revenue (incomes) and expenses (costs) over a particular period of time (DRURY, 2013). It helps in ensuring the availability of funds whenever funds are required. Budgets are the most important part of future financial planning. It basically helps in keeping a proper track of all the spending of the budget making person or organization thereby managing their cash flows. Need of budget: To meet the financial goals: Without a concrete budget plan a person or a business organization might spend their funds in activities that are not so necessary consequently ending up with shortage of funds for the necessary areas. Thus, it helps in appropriate distribution of funds to achieve the key financial goals. To take sound economic decisions: Budgets provides the true picture of the financial position of an entity, thereby enabling them to prioritize the needs according to the funds possessed by them. To evaluate the overall spending or performance Budgets helps in evaluating the performance by comparing actual results with the planned results. If excessive funds are used in comparison to the budget plans than it will help in preventing wastage of funds in future. The roles and responsibilities of a budget manager in an organization The basic responsibility of budget manager is to ensure that the resources of the organization are appropriately distributed between the various departments and they are adequately utilized and safeguarded in accordance with the budgeted plans. The other responsibilities are: To prepare the statement of budgets periodically and revise them according to the changing needs of organizational environment of the company. Evaluate the actual results by comparing them with the budgeted plans so as to understand the root causes of over spending of resources of the company, if any (Ahid Augustine, 2012). Following aspects must be changed in the budgeting process: The budgets must not be very rigid to follow and therefore, a budget must be prepared in such a way that if any changes are required as per the organizational processes and policies, they can be incorporated. The implementation of budget is the most important aspect of the budgeting process where the budgeted plan must be communicated adequately among all the organizational personnel so that they can carry out the business operations in accordance with the budgeted plans. Moreover, a budget must be monitored and revised within reasonable time intervals so that any change whether internal or external can be taken into consideration while carrying out the business activities. References: Ahid, M. Augustine, A., 2012, The Roles and Responsibilities of Management Accountants in the Era of Globalization, Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(15), pp. 43-53. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer.

Leadership of Healthcare Professionals

Question: Discuss about the Leadership of Healthcare Professionals? Answer: Introduction Strategic leadership refers to the potential of manager to express strategic vision and motivating peers for acquiring that vision. There are different leadership approaches in an organization that helps in managing change and ambiguities by providing a sense of direction. The report states the importance, methods of alignment and principles of effective communication of strategies in an organization (Ginter, Duncan Swayne, 2013). Importance of strategic leadership and methods Strategic leadership is important in the healthcare sector because there is a significant and rapid change in both national and international dimensions. The political, legal and technological changes quickly influence the health care sector that changes the sector radically. The healthcare leaders need to adapt strategic leadership as individuals as well as an industry so that they can handle complex and uncertain situations (Ginter, Duncan Swayne, 2013). A few methods or approaches for strategic leadership in the healthcare sector that can be followed are transformational leadership, collaborative leadership, shared leadership, distributed leadership and ethical leadership. The transformational leadership in healthcare sector helps in communicating the organizational vision and mission and motivating the performance of workers. Through collaborative leadership, the co-workers share knowledge and experiences and reduce the level of complexity (VanVactor, 2012). Shared leadership empowers decision making process thereby improving patient care outcomes. Distributed leadership necessitates initiative and responsibility among workers in the healthcare sector. Through ethical leadership, the intentions, behaviors and values of the leader intends no harm while respecting rights of all stakeholders (Al-Sawai, 2013). Methods of alignment of individual mission, vision, and goals of organization Two methods may be used by the leader to align individual goals, mission, and vision of the organization: People-centric method and Organization-centric method. People Centric method is an old fashioned way of aligning individual goals with organizational goals. The process initiates with CEO setting the goals for the organization. Next, the managers reporting to the CEO establishes performance goals in linkage with CEOs plan. Lastly, this process cascades throughout the management hierarchy until the individuals link their goals with the manager. This method may break a chain of goals is a person is promoted or terminated (Dwyer Hopwood, 2013). The organization-centric method is a current process followed in the organizations for increasing employee engagement. This method parallels with existing budgeting process and business plan thereby reducing administrative burden. The process initiates with defining objectives for the organizations. Next, the departments of the organization may set goals for supporting organizational goals. Finally, this helps in linking the employee goals to the organizational objectives directly. This method helps in easy tracking and communication of progress around the organization (Harrington Voehl, 2012). Effective communication strategies There are effective strategies that may be followed by a leader while communicating vision and strategy to the employees. The first step is to map the present situation by aligning the organizations business. The present situation can be determined through SWOT analysis. Secondly, interviews may be set up with internal and external stakeholders for learning their priorities. Thirdly, the elements of an idealized future may be envisioned by offering specific details. Fourthly, the vision elements may be prioritized by assessing current performance in comparison with relative importance (Rasmussen, Mylonas Beck, 2012). Fifthly, actionable objectives may be developed by turning the vision elements. This would help in increasing employee engagement. Sixthly, the potential strategies and tactics may be developed by creating sub-teams and brainstorming sessions. Seventhly, the metrics, responsibilities and timelines may be defined for measuring success and growth. Eighthly, planning sessions and ideas generated may be integrated and consolidated with the team. Lastly, the plan must be put into action. It involves a continuous process of measurement, re-evaluation and re-strategizing (Harvard Business Review, 2011). Alignment with the internal and external environments The internal environment of an organization influences the organizational decisions, activities, attitudes and employee behavior. The external environment such as competition, customers, technology, politics and social conditions influence the organization. It is important for the organization to achieve effective strategic fit so that the organisation and its environment can be aligned (Anderson, 2011). The internal environment can be aligned with organizational culture through the SWOT analytic tool. This tool considers the financial, human and core competencies of the organisation in the form of strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. The unique selling points, things that cannot be coped up with, opportunities that may arise and potential threats can be prepared for a brainstorming session (Harrison, 2011). The external environment can be aligned with organizational culture through the PESTLE analytic tool. The laws and standards, impact of exchange rates, technological advances, changing attitudes, environmental impact and legality may be formed through secondary data analysis (Griffin, 2012). Financial forecasts to guide organizational leadership The purpose of the financial forecast is to evaluate the current and fiscal conditions for making decisions in the organization. The financial forecasts help in identifying future and expenditure trends that have an immediate or long-term impact on strategic goals, policies or services of an organization. The financial forecast guides the leader in making organizational decisions through a few business principles (Gfoa.org, 2016). A net financial result may be attained thereby anticipating new risks and opportunities for the future. Financial forecasting would also help in determining risk. The organization may develop new revenue streams for sustaining and developing capacities. Financial forecasts would also help in anticipating and resolving cash flow issues thereby simplifying organizational leadership. Financial leadership is fundamental to the role and cannot be fully delegated. These principles will help executive directors adapt to the demands of the changing environment and maintain the balance needed for mission impact and sustained financial health (Barr et al., 2011). Conclusion There are various strategies and principles that are required by a strategic leader for strengthening the organization. A strategic leader ensures that appropriate methodologies, approaches and principles are applied for achieving organizational effectiveness. Financial forecasts guide organizational leadership and sustainability. It is critical to adapt strategic leadership so that the managers can handle complex and uncertain situations. References Al-Sawai, A. (2013). Leadership of Healthcare Professionals: Where Do We Stand?.Oman Medical Journal,28(4), 285-287. https://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2013.79 Anderson, D. (2011).Organization development. Los Angeles: Sage. Barr, K., Bell, J., Kate, M., Jeanne, M., Zimmerman, S., McCambridge, R. (2011).An Executive Directors Guide to Financial Leadership.Nonprofit Quarterly. Retrieved 23 February 2016, from https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2011/12/25/an-executive-directors-guide-to-fi-nancial-leadership/ Dwyer, J., Hopwood, N. (2013).Management strategies and skills. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Australia. Gfoa.org,. (2016).Financial Forecasting in the Budget Preparation Process | Government Finance Officers Association. Retrieved 23 February 2016, from https://www.gfoa.org/financial-forecasting-budget-preparation-process Ginter, P., Duncan, W., Swayne, L. (2013).Strategic management of health care organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Wiley. Griffin, R. (2012).Management fundamentals. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Harrington, H., Voehl, F. (2012).The Organizational alignment handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Harrison, A. (2011).Business environment in a global context. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. Harvard Business Review,. (2011).Eight Ways to Communicate Your Strategy More Effectively. Retrieved 23 February 2016, from https://hbr.org/2011/08/eight-ways-to-energize-your-te Rasmussen, R., Mylonas, A., Beck, H. (2012).Investigating Business Communication and Technologies. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. VanVactor, J. (2012). Collaborative leadership model in the management of health care.Journal Of Business Research,65(4), 555-561. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.02.021

Argumentative Essay Topics For College

Argumentative Essay Topics For CollegeArgumentative essay topics for college can be tricky and difficult to figure out. There are so many options that one has to make sure that the subject is the one that they really want to write about.It is important to read the material over carefully before writing a college course. You will want to be certain that you can write an argument in an interesting way. If you do not know how to do this then you can hire an editor to help you with this.The goal of any essay is to get your point across and it is always important to stick to the topic of the college course that you have chosen. College students are very busy and always on the go. Therefore, it is important to take a few minutes to do a little research on the topic before you begin writing your argumentative essay topics for college.Argumentative essay topics for college can be easy or hard to come up with depending on what kind of topic you choose. In order to decide whether or not the to pic is easy, you should first consider if you will be allowed to give it your all. Even if you are in college and are writing a thesis defense, it is important to write your essay from your heart.If you know in your heart that you can write from your heart then you will be able to research the topic of the college paper and make it interesting. However, if you are unsure about how to write an argument then you may find that you will not have much luck. In this case, an editor will be able to assist you.When you are choosing your topic, you should also keep in mind that the level of the college course that you are taking will play a role in the topic that you choose. There are many argumentative essay topics for college courses at different levels. Some of the more popular ones include business subjects, finance, politics, education, and religion.Since the topics for these courses are so varied, it is not always possible to pick just one. It is important to find something that you en joy writing about and that you have a love for because it will be more enjoyable when you have something to say.When you are writing argumentative essay topics for college, you should keep in mind that the format of the essay is also going to be a factor. You can choose to write an essay that is two parts and some that have four parts. You will be able to determine which essay you prefer when you are trying to determine your topic.

French New Wave Essays - Jacques Rivette, Antoine Doinel

French New Wave The French New Wave was a movement that lasted between 1959 to 1964. It all started with the Cinematheque Francois, an underground organization that would regularly show older films from around the world. This beget the cine-club, and by the 1954 there were 100,000 members in 200 clubs. From these clubs several magazines were created, the most famous of these were L'Ecran Francois, La Revue du Cinema, Postif, and the world known Cahiers du Cinema. One of the two most influential people during this time was Alexandre Astruc who declared that, ?the cinema is becoming a means of expression like the other arts before it, especially painting and the novel. It is no longer a spectacle, a diversion equivalent to the old boulevard theater...it is becoming, little by little, a visual language, i.e. a medium in which and by which an artist can express his thoughts, be they abstract or whatever, or in which he can communicate his obsessions as accurately as he can today in essay or novel?. What Astruc was saying , was that the cinema was now as personal as paintings and literature, instead of just a show. The second and most influential of the two was Andr? Bazin, who like Astruc believed that the cinema was equal to the novel. Bazin believed in the long take and the deep focus over the Soviet Montage, ?composition in depth is seen as egalitarian in the sense that everything in the frame exists with equal clarity, thereby giving the spectator a choice: our eyes are free to roam from foreground to background and around. It is closer to the way we perceive in off screen life, and it reintroduces ambiguity into the structure of the image.? Bazin also championed the Italian Neorealism movement, for its revolutionary humanism, and it's on location shooting, improvisational style, use of non actors, and for it's long takes. In 1950's Andr? Bazin founded Cahier du Cinema, a magazine that championed the director as Film's true author. At Cahier du Cinema, Bazin further developed the theory of director as author of his film, the Auteur. ?Bazin charted the main areas of film studies as we know them, effectively creating the discipline: authorship, which led Bazin's disciples to develop the politique des auteurs.? Cahier du Cinema ?brought together the leading French critics/film enthusiasts of the time- Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, Eric Rohmer and Jacques Rivette...? These critics began devouring older movies, mostly silent films like, German Expressionism, Italian Neorealism, thirties French films and most particularly American studio films that were banned during Nazi occupation. ?Here they learned to love directors like Howard Hawks and John Ford, the American masters who were virtually ignored in this country until the French critics made a case for their artistry.? These critics also made the world aware of Genre. The examples of genres are the Western films, Gangster films, Musicals, and Film Noir. But the most important observation was the director as Auteur. ?They championed the director as the auteur, the creator of a personal vision of the world which progresses from film to film.? These critics began seeing style and same thematic consistencies in certain film directors, and held them in the highest light. One of the first scandals in this wave of thought was an article written by Francois Truffaut in 1954, ?A Certain Tendency in the French Cinema.? In his essay he criticized ?the French postwar films that were adopted from novels and were heavily dependent upon plot and dialogue.? Truffaut also attacked Jean Delannoy and Rene Clement as they were stopping the growth of film as art. The final influence on the French New Wave came in 1958. The Documentary filmmakers began using lighter and more mobile equipment, using smaller crews, and began rejecting structure in their scripts. Cinema Verite was the name applied, meaning Cinema truth. Then in 1959, France called for a ?new wave? and it got it. The same year, twenty-four French directors made their first feature films, followed in 1960 by forty-three more features. All this was possible to accomplish with the advent of the lightweight film equipment and handheld action ruled the screen. The first of these French New Wave films was Jean-Luc